Juliusz Twardy
Articles
The question of drainage of the Warsaw ice-dammed lake, Central Poland
Geographia Polonica (2024) vol. 97, iss. 3, pp. 261-270
doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0279
Abstract
The question of the outflow from the Warsaw ice-dammed lake in Central Poland through the Warsaw-Berlin ice-marginal spillway during the Vistulian (Weichselian) Glaciation is discussed. Many years’ research and published concepts expressed in numerous publications since the beginning of the 20th century are presented. A runoff in the Warsaw-Berlin ice-marginal spillway was treated as impossible during the LGM, because ofa high watershed zone close to Łęczyca. The floor of this ice-marginal spillway is filled by silt and sand series correlated with the Late Vistulian and sand with peat of the Late Vistulian and Holocene. However, a relation of the glaciolacustrine sediments and the spillway floor indicates that the latter is masked by deposits that postdate the outflow episode. Proglacial and extraglacial waters were collected in the Warsaw ice-dammedlake and were drained westwards through the Warsaw-Berlin ice-marginal spillway.
Keywords: Weichselian, Warsaw-Berlin ice-marginal spillway, Warsaw Basin, proglacial drainage, Last Glacial Maximum
[jacek.forysiak@geo.uni.lodz.pl]
, Faculty of Geology University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw: Poland
, Faculty of Geology University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw: Poland
, Faculty of Geology University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warsaw: Poland
, Department of Quaternary Studies, Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, University of Łódź, ul. Narutowicza 88, 90-139 Łódź, Poland
Geographia Polonica (2011) vol. 84, Special Issue Part 1, pp. 163-178 | 
Full text
doi: https://doi.org/GPol.2011.S1.11
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study of relief transformation in central Poland(Fig. 1), which took place in the Neoholocene in the context of growing human impact andclimate fluctuations. Standard methods used in Quaternary geology and geomorphology wereemployed to examine Neoholocene aeolian, slope and fluvial deposits. Seven major stages anda few short-term episodes (Fig. 2), during which the process of relief transformation accelerated,have been distinguished. These stages are characterized by their varying length (from 160to 480 years) while their duration became gradually longer at the expense of those periods, duringwhich the relief transformation was slow. Major geomorphological processes in each stageand their consequences for relief transformation are briefly discussed. The results obtained arelinked to the development of prehistoric cultures in central Poland and to the periods of unstableclimate.
Keywords: human impact, aeolian deposits, slope deposits, fluvial deposits, Neoholocene, central Poland
, Department of Quaternary Studies, Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, University of Łódź, ul. Narutowicza 88, 90-139 Łódź, Poland